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Now that we know what Linux is, it is the time that to learn how we should install it on the computer and choose which Distribution we should use. Let us start by understanding what a Linux Distribution is.
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In this tutorial, we will learn -
What is a Linux Distribution?
Well, now as you know that Linux is open-source, free to use kernel. It is used by programmers, organizations, profit and non-profit companies around the world to create Operating systems to suit their individual requirements.
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To prevent hacking attempts, many organizations keep their Linux operating systems private.
Many others make their variations of Linux available publicly so the whole world can benefit at large.
These versions/ types /kinds of Linux operating system are called Distributions.
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How many distributions are out there?
There are hundreds of Linux operating systems or Distributions available these days. Many of them are designed with a specific purpose in mind. For example, to run a web server or to run on network switches like routers, modems, etc.
The latest example of one of the most popular smartphone-based Linux Distribution is Android!
Many of these Distributions are built to offer excellent personal computing.
Here, are a few popular Linux Distributions (also called Linux Distro) - Linux Distribution | Name | Description |
---|---|---|
Arch | This Linux Distro is popular amongst Developers. It is an independently developed system. It is designed for users who go for a do-it-yourself approach. | |
CentOS | It is one of the most used Linux Distribution for enterprise and web servers. It is a free enterprise class Operating system and is based heavily on Red Hat enterprise Distro. | |
Debian | Debian is a stable and popular non-commercial Linux distribution. It is widely used as a desktop Linux Distro and is user-oriented. It strictly acts within the Linux protocols. | |
Fedora | Another Linux kernel based Distro, Fedora is supported by the Fedora project, an endeavor by Red Hat. It is popular among desktop users. Its versions are known for their short life cycle. | |
Gentoo | It is a source based Distribution which means that you need to configure the code on your system before you can install it. It is not for Linux beginners, but it is sure fun for experienced users. | |
LinuxMint | It is one of the most popular Desktop Distributions available out there. It launched in 2006 and is now considered to be the fourth most used Operating system in the computing world. | |
OpenSUSE | It is an easy to use and a good alternative to MS Windows. It can be easily set up and can also run on small computers with obsolete configurations. | |
RedHat enterprise | Another popular enterprise based Linux Distribution is Red Hat Enterprise.It has evolved from Red Hat Linux which was discontinued in 2004. It is a commercial Distro and very popular among its clientele. | |
Slackware | Slackware is one of the oldest Linux kernel based OS's. It is another easy desktop Distribution. It aims at being a 'Unix like' OS with minimal changes to its kernel. | |
Ubuntu | This is the third most popular desktop operating system after Microsoft Windows and Apple Mac OS. It is based on the Debian Linux Distribution, and it is known as its desktop environment. |
The Best Linux Distribution!
The term best is relative. Each Linux distribution is built for a specific purpose-built to meet the demands of its target users.
The desktop Distributions are available for free on their respective websites. You might want to try them one by one till you get to know which Distribution you like the most. Each one of them offers its own unique design, applications, and security.
We will be using Ubuntu for our learning purpose as it's easy for a beginner to understand.
Installing Linux
Let's look the various methods we can use to install Ubuntu.
Installing Linux using USB stick
This is one of the easiest methods of installing Ubuntu or any distribution on your computer. Follow the steps.
Step 1) Download the .iso or the OS files on your computer from this link.
Step 2) Download free software like 'Universal USB installer to make a bootable USB stick.
Step 3) Select an Ubuntu Distribution form the dropdown to put on your USB
Select your Ubuntu iso file download in step 1.
Select the drive letter of USB to install Ubuntu and Press create button.
Step 4) Click YES to Install Ubuntu in USB.
Step 5) After everything has been installed and configured, a small window will appear Congratulations! You now have Ubuntu on a USB stick, bootable and ready to go.
Installing Linux using CD-ROM
Those who like the way a CD runs should try using this method.
(image source)
Step 1) Download the .iso or the OS files onto your computer from this link http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop.
Step 2) Burn the files to a CD.
Step 3) Boot your computer from the optical drive and follow the instructions as they come.
Installing Linux using Virtual Machine
This is a popular method to install a Linux operating system. The virtual installation offers you the freedom of running Linux on an existing OS already installed on your computer. This means if you have Windows running, then you can just run Linux with a click of a button.
Virtual machine software like Oracle VM can install Ubuntu in easy steps. Let us look at them.
Here the brief steps
PART A) Download and Install Virtual Box
Download Virtual box using this link
Depending on your processor and OS, select the appropriate package. In our case, we have selected Windows with AMD
Once the download is complete, Open setup file and follow the steps below:
Step-1) Click On next
Step-2) Select you're the directory to install VirtualBox and click on next
Step-3) Select Desktop icon and click on next, now click on yes
![Download linux os Download linux os](/uploads/1/2/6/1/126166976/664633251.png)
Step-4) Click On install.
Step-5) Now installation of the virtual box will start. Once complete, click on Finish Button to start Virtual Box
The virtual box dashboard looks like this-
PART B) Download Ubuntu
Visit this link to download Ubuntu.
You can select 32/64-bit versions as per your choice.
PART C) Create a Machine in Virtual Box
Step-1) Open Virtual box and click on new button
Step-2) In next window, give the name of your OS which you are installing in virtual box. And select OS like Linux and version as Ubuntu 32 bit. And click on next
Step-3) Now Allocate Ram Size To your Virtual OS. I recommended keeping 1024mb (1 GB) ram to run Ubuntu better. And click on next.
Step-4) Now To run OS in virtual box we have to create virtual hard disk, click on create a virtual hard drive now and click on create button.
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The virtual hard disk is where the OS installation files and data/applications you create/install in this Ubuntu machine will reside
Step-5) select VHD (virtual hard disk) option and click on next.
Step-6) Click on dynamic allocated and click on next. This means that the size of the disk will increase dynamically as per requirement.
Step-7) Allocate memory to your virtual hard drive .8GB recommended. Click on create button.
Step-8) Now you can see the machine name in left panel
So a Machine (PC) with 8GB Hardisk, 1GB RAM is ready.
PART D) Install Ubuntu on the Machine
Step 1) Select the Machine and Click on Start
Step 2) Select the Folder Option
Step 3) Select the Ubuntu iso file
Step 4) Click Start
Step-5) You have an option to Run Ubuntu WITHOUT installing. In this tutorial will install Ubuntu
Step-6) Click continue.
Step-7) Select option to erase the disk and install Ubuntu and click on install now. This option installs Ubuntu into our virtual hard drive which is we made earlier. It will not harm your PC or Windows installation
Step-8) Select your location for setting up time zone, and click on continue
Step-9) Select your keyboard layout, by default English (US) is selected but if you want to change then, you can select in the list. And click on continue
Step-10) Select your username and password for your Ubuntu admin account. This information has been needed for installing any software package into Ubuntu and also for login to your OS. Fill up your details and tick on login automatically to ignore login attempt and click on continue
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Step-11) Installation process starts. May take up to 30 minutes. Please wait until installation process completes.
Step-12) After finishing the installation, you will see Ubuntu Desktop.
Summary
- An operating system based on the Linux kernel is called a Distribution or Distro
- There are hundreds of Distributions available, some of which are designed to accomplish a sole purpose like running servers, act as network switches, etc.
- Naming the best Linux Distribution is difficult as they are made for different.
- Linux can be installed on your system via the below-mentioned methods:
- USB stick
- Live CD
- Virtual Installation
by Sreehari
I just finished my first assignment for a course on Advanced Operating Systems. And I decided to document my approach for building the Linux kernel from source and implementing my own system call.
There are a number of blogs that already tell you how to go about doing this, but some of them are outdated, and some seem unnecessarily complicated. My goal is to present a straightforward approach for doing this, which should hopefully help you save a lot of time.
Compiling the Linux Kernel from source can seem like a daunting task, even to someone who’s pretty comfortable with computers in general. It can also get really irritating if you aren’t following the right instructions.
So, here’s a guide to help you through the process of building the kernel from source, and it’s a guide that works! You will not have to worry about messing up your system or wasting your time.
Why build the kernel from source?
If you plan to work on the internals of the Linux kernel or change its behavior, you’ll need to recompile the kernel on your system.
Here are a few specific cases where you’ll need to know how to work with the kernel’s source code:
- You want to write a really cool ‘Hello world’ program. (Each time you implement your own system call or modify kernel source code, you will need to recompile the kernel to implement the changes)
- You want to enable experimental features on your kernel that are not enabled by default (or, disable default features that you don’t want)
- You want to debug kernel source code, enable support for a new piece of hardware, or make modifications to its existing configurations
- You’re doing a course on Advanced Operating Systems and have no choice but to do this!
In each of the above situations, learning how to build the kernel from source will come in handy.
What you’ll need
A Linux based Operating System (I tried this on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS and the instructions written here are for the same).
You will need to install a few packages before you can get started. Use the following commands for the same.
You will also need up to at least 12 GB of free space on disk, an internet connection to download the source code, and a lot of time (about 45 to 90 minutes).
Downloading and extracting the latest kernel source
To check your current kernel version, open the terminal and type:
Go to kernel.org and download the latest stable version. At the time of writing this, the latest stable kernel version was 4.7.1, and I will refer to the same in this article. (Note: Try to avoid downloading source from other websites)
Change to the directory where the file was downloaded and extract using:
Change to the extracted linux-4.7.1 directory.
It should contain folders called arch, fs, crypto, etc.
Configuring and Compiling:
Before compiling the kernel, we need to configure which modules are to be included and which ones are to be left out.
There are many ways to go about doing this.
An easy and straightforward way to do this is to first copy your existing kernel config file and then use ‘menuconfig’ to make changes (if necessary). This is the fastest way to do it and probably, the safest.
This is the part where you could end up removing support for a device driver or do something of the sort which will eventually result in a broken kernel. If you are unsure about making changes, just save and exit.
Note: One of the alternatives to menuconfig is an interactive command line interface accessible using ‘make config’. This helps you configure everything from scratch. Do not use this. You will be asked over a thousand yes/no questions about enabling or disabling modules, which I promise is no fun whatsoever. I did try this out once and somehow managed to mess up the display driver configurations.
gconfig and xconfig are alternate GUI based configuration tools that you could use. I haven’t tried these myself. For this, you’ll need to use make gconfig (or make xconfig) instead of make menuconfig.
Now, we’re all set!
To compile the kernel and its modules, we use the make command.
This is followed by using make modules_install to install the kernel modules.
Finally, we use make install to copy the kernel and the .config file to the /boot folder and to generate the system.map file (which is a symbol table used by the kernel).
These three steps put together usually take up a lot of time. Use the following command to perform the above tasks:
Note: I have used the -j option to specify the number of cores to be used. This tends to speed up the process considerably. You can use nproc to check the number of processing units available. In my case, it was 4 cores.
Ideally, you shouldn’t need sudo privileges, but, I was running into problems when I didn’t run it with sudo privileges.
Final steps
Once the kernel and its modules are compiled and installed, we want to be using the new kernel the next time we boot up.
For this to happen, we need to use the following command:
Then, use the following command, which automatically looks for the kernels present in the /boot folder and adds them to the grub’s config file.
Now, restart the system and you should see that the new kernel is added to the boot loader entries.
On following the instructions, assuming there’s enough space available on disk and the current kernel configuration works fine, you shouldn’t encounter any problems. Note that you could always use the old kernel version in case of any problem and try the whole thing again!
The command uname -r should nowshow you the current kernel version being used.
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An important note
The above steps are needed to build the kernel from source, for the first time. Once, this is done at least once and a new kernel image is ready, making changes and writing our own modules is simple. You will only be using the steps listed under Configuring and Compiling each time something new is to be implemented or configured differently.
Latest Linux Operating System Download
Meaning, just remember the following:
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I must give credit to the following worthwhile resources — they were hugely helpful with this task: Ramkitech.com, askubuntu.com, kernel.org and cyberciti.biz